_{John Garang during he sign the Peace in Sudan}  

 _{On July 09, 2005.} 

  About Late John Garang  John Garang, is sworn in as first vice president of the Republic of Sudan in Khartoum, Saturday, July 9, 2005. Two former enemies joined forces Saturday to sign into being Sudan's new constitution, claim the African country's two highest posts and pledge to promote peace and renewal in anation scarred by two decades of civil war.  Sudan former leader becomes first vice president. Former leader John Garang was sworn in as Sudan's first vice president Saturday as a new power-sharing constitution came into force in a bid to put a final seal on two decades of civil war.  

Garang was also head an autonomous administration due to run the mainly Christian and animist south for a six-year interim period leading up to a promised referendum on independence. "He said, I, John Garang De Mabior, swear by almighty God that as the first vice president of the Republic of the Sudan, I shall be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Sudan," he pledged at an inauguration ceremony attended by a host of foreign dignitaries. For the first time, posters of Garang were put up at the venue of the event at the republican palace in Khartoum where young men, women and children dressed in colorful costumes sang and danced in celebration. His inauguration came after President Omar al-Beshir formally promulgated the new constitution, bringing to an end the state of emergency that has been in force on and off since he seized power in a 1989 coup and banned all political parties.  

Former foes Beshir and Garang shook hands and embraced each other. UN chief Kofi Annan hailed "a day of great hope for the Sudanese people, who have suffered so long." The civil war, which was Africa's longest-running, left an estimated two million people dead and more than four million displaced before the signing of a landmark peace deal in Nairobi in January. Annan warned that many challenges remained ahead if the new government was really to be one of national unity. "That unity is as yet incomplete and precarious," the UN chief said. He expressed particular concern about the potentially destabilizing effects of continued ethnic minority uprisings in the western Darfur region, and Kassala and Red Sea states in the East. "The peace process between north and south must be made irreversible, which it will not be unless it takes root in the East and in the West as well," Annan said. Both Garang and Beshir echoed the UN chief's comments and vowed to work to restore security nationwide.  

Arab League chief Amr Mussa, US Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick and several regional heads of state, including the presidents of Kenya, Uganda, the Central African Republic, Djibouti, South Africa, and Senegal also attended the inauguration. The UN chief later joined Beshir, second vice president Osman Ali Taha and Garang, as they danced hand in hand with children to the tune of Sudanese music celebrating the event. The Khartoum government's Eritrean archfoe President Isaias Afeworki, a key ally of Garang, did not attend but sent a message of congratulations.  Expressed "pleasure for the people of Sudan for the implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement" and hope that they would find "strong founded comprehensive political solutions to all the unsolved issues in the Sudan." The authorities imposed tight security across the capital for the ceremony, declaring a public holiday and ordering motorists to stay away from the city centre. Organizers said as many as a million people had turned out for a mass rally in Garang's honor on Friday evening to welcome him to Khartoum on his first visit since the 1983 launch of the civil war. 

    On July 09, 2005.  

John Garang, left, is sworn in as first vice president of the republic in Khartoum, Saturday, July 9, 2005 as President Omar El-Bashir,center, and the chief justice Galal edd in Mohammed Osman, right look on. Ex-rebel leader Garang, who was feted in a massive public reception a day earlier after returning to Khartoum for the first time in 22 years, was sworn in as Sudan's first Southern and Christian vice president of Sudan swears in of form leadership as  a vice premier in Khartoum Sudan turned over a new page in its history on Saturday with the swearing in of a former rebel leader as vice president under a power-sharing deal ending 21 years of civil war.  John Garang, leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement, took the oath as first vice president in the capital of Khartoum under the provisions of a peace agreement signed January in Kenya.

President Omar al-Bashir signed a transitional constitution before taking the oath as his country's leader. Ali Othman Taha, formerly al-Bashir's first deputy, was sworn in as second vice president. Sudan is to form a new government within the next month. Under the power sharing arrangement the current government is to take 52 per cent of cabinet portfolios, the former rebel SPLM gets 28 per cent, while the remaining 20 will go to other opposition groupings. Speaking at the Presidential Palace following the swearing in, Garang reiterated calls for his people to work for national unity.  He urged Sudanese to work together to ensure that peace prevails throughout Sudan," saying that January's peace agreement would be inadequate as long as peace did not prevail in the western region of Darfur or in the country's east. Garang, who became leader of the regional government for the south under January's accord, said he intended to work for the entire country, urging his compatriots to ensure that religion, ethnicity and politics do not stand in the way of Sudan's development. 

The U.N. head urged militias to join in the peace process and reaffirmed the international community's commitment to stand by Sudan in its peace efforts. Also attending were Arab League Secretary General Amr Moussa, South African President Thabo Mbeki, Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick, as well as high-level officials from Ethiopia, Egypt, Libya and Algeria, and other African nations.  The civil war between the mainly Islamist north and the predominantly Christian south claimed around two million lives and displaced four million people. The peace accord envisages far-reaching autonomy for the south and a share of oil revenues from the region is a day of end.  

 On July 09, 2005.

The day enemies join forces to Lead Sudan on Rocky Road to Peace. Khartoum, July 9 - Sudan elevated a former leader of SPLA/M on Saturday to the vice presidency of the government he had long tried to overthrow, a merging of onetime combatants into a single leadership that took Sudan another step away from decades of war.  In an elaborate ceremony in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir appointed John Garang, leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army, as his top deputy. The two longtime enemies waged one of Africa's longest-running civil wars, which caused an estimated two million deaths before a cease-fire accompanied the signing of a peace agreement in January in 2004 is an end.  

Besides, sharing political power, the government and the Southern SPLA/M have agreed to divide up the region's oil wealth, merge their armies and hold a referendum in six years to let southerners, who are predominantly Christian and animist, decide to whether to secede from the rest of Sudan, which is mainly Muslim. "There's a lot that has to go right for this to work," said Mr. David Mozersky, a Sudan analyst at the International Crisis Group, a Brussels-based research institution that follows conflict zones throughout the world. "We can be happy that Sudan has reached this point, but it's too early to celebrate and to consider this an end to the conflict." Despite the truce between the Sudanese government army of Mr. Garang's Southern warriors, skirmishes continue between the rebels and militia groups in the south allied with the government. Rebels have also emerged in eastern Sudan with their own grievances against the government of North.

Then there is the conflict in the western Darfur region of Sudan, which has drawn international condemnation because of the government's heavy-handed tactics against the civilian population. Peace talks between the government and two groups of Darfur rebels, held in Nigeria, produced a declaration of principles, but no comprehensive settlement. "The peace process between north and south must be made irreversible, which it will not be unless it takes root in the east and in the west as well," said Kofi Annan, the United Nations secretary general, one of numerous foreign dignitaries on hand for the ceremony. Oil remains a source of tension between the government and the Garang-led southerners. Mr. Garang's Leader movement began in 1983 after Chevron discovered oil in the area straddling the country's north and south. Southerners argued that the revenue was only benefiting the north as truly right.   

The biggest challenge of all maybe meeting the expectations of southerners, who are tired of war and eager to see their dismal lives change for the better. Despite commitments of substantial amounts of foreign aid, southern Sudan's needs are profound. The area lacks roads and even basic infrastructure. Diseases wiped out in most other parts of the world continue to thrive there, like guinea worm and river blindness. "We are starting from point zero," Mr. Garang said in his interview with al-Awsat, a newspaper in London. He added: "We in the south have not seen development from the time God created Adam and Eve." Mr. Garang, 60, is a burly, bearded academic with a fiery temper and a way with words. From the southern Dinka tribe, Mr. Garang speaks English and Arabic, enabling him to bridge the country's language gap.   

Although rebels-turned-politicians are commonplace in Africa, Mr. Garang may be one of the few with a doctorate, which he earned in Iowa State University's agricultural economics department. He also attended a United States Army infantry officer's course at Fort Benning, Ga. His rebel movement has been criticized by human rights organizations for abuses that included summary executions, arbitrary detentions and stealing from civilians. Now the challenge will be transforming that rebel group it into a full-fledged political party that can represent the long-suffering people of the south.   

President Omar El-Bashir is sworn in as president of the Republic of Sudan in Khartoum Saturday July 9, 2005 . Two former enemies joined forces Saturday to sign into being Sudan's new constitution, claim the African country's two highest posts and pledge to promote peace and renewal in a nation scarred by two decades of civil War. Former foes Garang, el-Bashir take Sudan's top two posts, sign new constitution. Two former enemies joined forces Saturday to sign into being Sudan's new constitution, claim the African country's two highest posts and pledge to promote peace and renewal in a nation scarred by two decades of civil war.  

Leader John Garang, who was feted in a massive public reception a day earlier after returning to Khartoum for the first time in 22 years, was sworn in as Sudan's first southern and Christian vice president. Garang's longtime foe Omar el-Bashir, who came to power in a 1989 coup, was again handed the presidency under the terms of a U.S.-backed interim constitution, which provides for wealth and power sharing, democratic elections within three years, and for southern Sudan to have a referendum on secession after six years.   

The new charter also widens political and religious freedoms and ends a state of emergency in place for most of the years el-Bashir has ruled. The two leaders are expected to form their coalition government by Aug. 9. "From here on, Sudan for the first time will be a country voluntarily united in justice and the free will of its people," Garang, 60, told regional heads of state, local leaders and foreign dignitaries including U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan and U.S. Under secretary of State Robert Zoellick.   

The former Sudan People's Liberation Army chief also said Sudan will be "a country where there is full respect for human rights, freedom and dignity for all people regardless of their race, regardless of their religion, regardless of their agenda." Southern rebels, comprising mainly Christians and Sudanese of animist beliefs, had fought the Islamic-oriented government's forces since 1983. The conflict killed more than 2 million people, mainly through war-induced famine.  The civil war also ravaged infrastructure in oil-rich southern Sudan, a vast region that saw little or no development during the war.

El-Bashir and Garang reached out to peace deal opponents, urging them to back efforts to rebuild the South Sudan and resolve ongoing conflicts in the western Darfur region and eastern Sudan. "We call on them to join in so that we could move on in our rehabilitation and building our homeland," el-Bashir said. "Otherwise, we would welcome an original, national opposition that would hold the national interests high." Ali Osman Mohammed Taha, who as vice president was one of the major brokers of the peace accord that paved the way for Saturday's ceremonies, was sworn in as vice president. Though Garang will be second to the president and have veto power, Taha will still play a powerful role as the second-highest ruling party official after el-Bashir.  

The constitution moves away from complete Islamic rule, saying those in the mainly Christian and animist south will not be held to Muslim laws. It also removes a requirement that the president be Muslim. Annan called it "a day of great hope for the Sudanese people, who have suffered so long." But the U.N. chief warned that the unity symbolized by the new government was incomplete and precarious with instability continuing in Darfur and eastern Sudan, the scene of recent anti-government uprisings.   

On July 09, 2005  

President Omar El-Bashir signs the new constitution moments before being is sworn in again as president of the Republic of Sudan in Khartoum Saturday July 9, 2005 . Two former enemies joined forces Saturday to sign into being Sudan's new constitution, claim the African country's two highest posts and pledge to promote peace and renewal in a nation scarred by two decades of civil war. Sudan president signs new power-sharing constitution on that day.                  

Sudanese President Omar al-Beshir signed a new power-sharing constitution Saturday intended to put a final seal on two decades of civil war. The new charter paves the way for former leader John Garang's swearing in as first vice president and head of an autonomous administration due to run the mainly Christian and animist south for a six-year interim period leading up to a promised referendum on independence. It also finally brings to an end the state of emergency in force on and off since Beshir seized power in a 1989 coup that saw all political parties outlawed.  

  On July 09, 2005.  

Former Sudan Leader becomes first vice president

KHARTOUM, July 9/05, Former leader John Garang was sworn in as Sudan's first vice president Saturday as a new power-sharing constitution came into force in a bid to put a final seal on two decades of civil war. Garang will also head an autonomous administration due to run the mainly Christian and animist south for a six-year interim period leading up to a promised referendum one independence. "I, John Garang Demabior, swear by almighty God that as the first vice president of the Republic of the Sudan, I shall be faithful and bear true allegiance to the Republic of the Sudan," he pledged at an inauguration ceremony attended by a host of foreign dignitaries. For the first time, posters of Garang were put up at the venue of the event at the republican palace in Khartoum where young men, women and children dressed in colorful costumes sang and danced in celebration. His inauguration came after President Omar al-Beshir formally promulgated the new constitution, bringing to an end the state of emergency that has been in force on and off, since he seized power in a 1989 coup and banned all political parties.  Beshir and Garang shook hands and embraced each other. UN chief Kofi Annan hailed "a day of great hope for the Sudanese people, who have suffered so long." The civil war, which was Africa's longest-running, left an estimated two million people dead and more than four million displaced before the signing of a landmark peace deal in Nairobi in Jan/09/04.  

Annan, also expressed concern about the potentially destabilizing effects of continued ethnic minority uprisings in Sudan's western Darfur region, and Kassala and Red Sea states in the east. "The peace process between north and south must be made irreversible, which it will not be unless it takes root in the east and in the west as well," Annan said. Both Garang and Beshir echoed his comments and vowed to work to restore security nationwide. Peace will not be complete "as long as there is war in Darfur and eastern Sudan," Garang said, pledging to work with Beshir to end off  the two conflicts "in the shortest time possible."The president promised to "deploy maximum efforts to put the peace accord to good use and install stability in Darfur.""Also in east, we will exert efforts with all opposition forces to reach stability and promote development," Beshir said.  

July 09, 2005.  

 Profile: Sudan's First Vice President John Garang de Mabior.

Khartoum, July 9/05,  Former leader John Garang of SPLA/M was sworn in as Sudan's first vice president Saturday shortly after President Omar al-Bashir signed his approval of the new interim constitution, putting a final seal on two decades of civil war. The following is the profile of Garang: Born in the remote Bor district in 1945, near the Nile River, Garang was among the few in British-controlled southern Sudan to enjoy education beyond primary level. After completing his secondary education in Tanzania, he went on to study economics at Grinnell College, Iowa. In 1970, he walked away from a graduate fellowship offer at the University of California, Berkeley, to take up arms against the Khartoum regime.  

The so-called Anyanya uprising ended with a 1972 Addis Ababa peace agreement under which Garang joined the Sudanese military, eventually rising to the rank of colonel and receiving training at the US army infantry school in Fort Benning, Georgia. He returned to the bush in September 1983 when the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) took up arms and fought for self-determination in the southern part of the country. The 105 Battalion of the Sudanese Army, which he had commanded in the 1970s, became the nucleus of the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Army, the armed wing of SPLM. Through the long and often painstaking negotiations between Khartoum and SPLM that followed a framework agreement in July 2002,Washington maintained the momentum that propelled the two sides forward. The sustained efforts culminated into the signing of the comprehensive peace accord in January 2005 in Kenya where the north and south armed conflict was literally brought to an end. 

 Article on July 09. 

Sudan ex-Leader John Garang sworn in as Sudan's Vice-President John Garang has been sworn in as Sudan's vice-president, ending two decades of bitter civil war. President Omar al-Bashir signed a power-sharing constitution with Mr Garang's followers at a ceremony in Sudan's capital, Khartoum. Southern Sudan is to be given some autonomy and former rebels will take up seats in the country's government.  

One-and-a-half million people died in 20 years of fighting between the mainly Muslim north and Christian south. A full power-sharing government is due to be formed next month. As well as being named national vice-president, Mr Garang will head the autonomous administration in southern Sudan for six years, ahead of a referendum on possible secession.  United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan and South African President Thabo Mbeki were among world leaders watching Saturday's ceremony. Mr Garang said as he took his oath of office. Mr al-Bashir described the new constitution as a "new path" for Sudan. This is not my peace or the peace of al-Bashir, it is the peace of the Sudanese people John Garang "We will all co-operate and all unite in order to restore to Sudan, God willing, all that it missed out on in the last 50 years," he added. Under the new constitution, Sudan's current ruling party will have 52% of the government and parliament, and Mr Garang's Sudan Peoples' Liberation Movement (SPLM) 28%. Northern and southern opposition parties will take the remaining 20%. Sudan's new oil wealth will be shared between north and south, and Islamic Sharia law will not be applied in the south. No Christian or southerner has ever held such a senior position in Sudan's largely Islamic government, and until recently, waving an SPLM flag in Khartoum would have invited arrest.  

The moves are part of a peace deal agreed in January. Day of peace' Earlier, Mr Garang and his wife were greeted by government ministers and dignitaries as they flew into Khartoum. Tight security stopped Mr Garang from meeting his own supporters at the airport. But there were chaotic scenes on the streets of the capital where teeming southern Sudanese were anxious to welcome the beginning of a new era, our correspondent says. At a private meeting, Mr al-Bashir welcomed his former enemy to Khartoum, saying it was a "day of real peace. "I congratulate the Sudanese people, this is not my peace or the peace of al-Bashir, it is the peace of the Sudanese people," Mr Garang said after the meeting. The deal to end the war in the south does not affect the separate conflict in the western region of Darfur.  

 On July 09,  Garang returns to a huge public reception in Khartoum 

Western Sudanese, one waving a flag of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement celebrate the return of former rebel leader John Garang to the capital of Khartoum, Friday July 8, 2005. Garang made a triumphant return to Khartoum on Friday, greeted the president and a hundreds of thousands of supporters hopeful for a new era after Africa's longest civil war.

Former Leader John Garang, right, greets Cardinal Zubair Wako head of the Sudanese Catholic Church, in Khartoum, Friday, July 8,2005. Garang set foot in the capital for the first time in 22 years Friday, ahead of his swearing in to the position of first vice president.

Former South-Sudan Leader John Garang and, left, meets Friday July 8, 2005 with the Sudanese First Vice president Ali Osman Mohamed Taha whom he will replace in Khartoum, Sudan Friday, July 8,2005. Garang set foot in the capital for the first time in 22 years Friday, ahead of his swearing in to the position of first vice president.

Sudanese President Omar el Bashir, right, welcomes the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement John Garang in Khartoum, Sudan Friday, July 8,2005. Garang set foot in the capital for the first time in 22 years Friday, ahead of his swearing in to the position of first vice president.

Sudanese President Omer el Bashir right holds hands with leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army at the headquarters of the ruling national congress party in Khartoum, Sudan, Friday, July 8, 2005. Garang set foot in the capital for the first time in 22 years Friday, ahead of his swearing in to the position of first vice president. 

      Article on July 09,  

Garang held together a fractious rebel army for two decades.

KHARTOUM, Sudan John Garang has always known "how to juggle a stone and an egg," his admirers and critics say, a skill that has enabled the bushy-bearded Christian rebel leader to keep alive a two-decade civil war against Sudan's Muslim-led government.

His long fight has been crowned by a peace deal that gives southern Sudanese -- a mixed population of Christians and animists -- a share of power, a say in their region's resources and a promise of democratic elections. It gives Garang the second most powerful position in Sudan's government. Garang set foot in the capital for the first time in 22 years Friday, ahead of his swearing in to the position of first prime minister.  

The 60-year-old founder of the Sudan People's Liberation Army rebel leader John Garang was central to the southerners' fight for autonomy and greater rights against Khartoum governments that sought to impose Islamic law throughout Africa's largest nation. Some two million people died from fighting, famine or disease as a result of the war, which began in 1983.  Garang held together the often fractious SPLA forces through force of personality and canny wheeling and dealing among the south's multiple tribes -- and, according to his critics in the SPLA, a dictatorial control over the rebel movement. A Dinka tribesman from a tiny southern village, he often mingled with crowds of SPLA fighters on the ground, winning them over with jokes. Educated in the United States, he also toured world capitals, presenting the south's cause and consulting with economists about development.  He survived multiple assassination attempts and several violent splits in the SPLA. Two of his top commanders, Rick Machar and Kerbino Kunyin, each rose up against Garang and broke away with their forces in the early 1990s. They signed their own peace deals with Khartoum and in some cases fought Garang's forces. Still, Garang was able to keep the bulk of the SPLA forces behind him. One reason was that he seeded his movement with representatives of every tribe in the south -- and even many from the north. His main spokesman, Yasser Arman, hails from a Muslim Nubian tribe near the border with Egypt. And he keep along strungle in Sudan without doubt.  

Garang -- his full name is John Garang de Mabior -- was born in June 1945 into the Dinka Nilotic tribe in Bor. Education was an immediate priority, and he attended Bussere Intermediate School in nearby Wau. "It was only chance; no one in my village could even read," he told Sudanese national TV in January.  But the separatist rebellions that raged in the south inthe 1960s forced him abroad to continue his education. He received a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. In 1970, he returned to Sudan and joined the southern rebel Anyanya movement. When the Anyanya reached a 1972 peace deal with the government, its fighters were integrated into the national military, and Garang received the rank of captain. He returned to the U.S., studying at the Army Infantry School in Fort Benning, Georgia, and getting an economics doctorate at Iowa State University in 1981. He rose to the rank of colonel by the time the peace agreement fell apart, and in 1983 the new civil war began. Throughout, Garang insisted his goal was not to break the south away from Sudan, but to create a secular state where southerners' rights are respected. (Garang was a man of peace in the time of war).

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